What condition is characterized by an excessive build-up of bilirubin in neonates?

Hyperbilirubinemia is a condition that occurs when there is an excessive accumulation of bilirubin in the bloodstream, particularly in neonates. Bilirubin is a yellow substance produced during the normal breakdown of red blood cells. In newborns, their immature liver function can cause a temporary inability to process bilirubin efficiently, leading to its build-up and resulting in jaundice—a yellowing of the skin and eyes.

This condition is particularly common in the first few days after birth, especially among premature infants or those with certain risk factors. Monitoring and managing hyperbilirubinemia is crucial because elevated bilirubin levels can lead to serious complications, including kernicterus, which is a type of brain damage. Treatment may involve phototherapy, where the infant is exposed to specific wavelengths of light that help break down bilirubin in the skin.

Other options do not relate to bilirubin build-up in a newborn. For instance, hypoglycemia refers to low blood sugar levels, dehydration involves loss of body fluids, and anemia signifies a deficiency in red blood cells or hemoglobin. Thus, hyperbilirubinemia is the condition specifically associated with bilirubin accumulation in neonates.