Which of the following is a common complication of prematurity?

Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) is indeed a common complication of prematurity. This condition arises primarily due to the immature lungs of preterm infants that often lack sufficient surfactant, a substance that helps keep the alveoli (air sacs) in the lungs open. Without enough surfactant, the alveoli may collapse, making it difficult for the infant to breathe and resulting in low oxygen levels. Premature infants are more susceptible to RDS because surfactant production typically increases significantly after around 34 to 36 weeks of gestation.

Understanding the context of other options helps clarify why they are less relevant as primary complications associated specifically with prematurity. Congenital heart defects can occur in any infant, regardless of gestational age, and are not exclusive to premature infants. Gastroesophageal reflux is common in infants due to immature gastrointestinal systems, but it is not exclusive to preterm infants. Transient tachypnea, while it can occur in some premature infants, is more commonly seen in those who experience a specific type of respiratory issue shortly after birth due to retained fluid in the lungs. Consequently, respiratory distress syndrome remains the most significant and prevalent respiratory complication seen in premature births.